Testimony of Jason Leopold, Investigative Reporter, VICE News
Before the House Committee on Oversight & Government Reform
Ensuring Transparency through the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

June 2, 2015

Chairman Chaffetz, Ranking Member Cummings, and Members of the Committee:
Thank you for inviting me to testify before the Committee today. My name is Jason
Leopold and I am an investigative reporter at VICE News. As part of my job, I regularly submit
Freedom of Information Act, or FOIA requests and file lawsuits against government agencies in
order to obtain documents about previously unknown government programs, operations, and
investigations; and to find out what is generally taking place behind the scenes within the federal
government. I write longform investigative news reports, many of which showcase the
documents I have obtained through FOIA. I also maintain a FOIA blog at VICE News called
“Primary Sources.”1
Having worked as an investigative reporter for more than a decade, I look forward to
talking to you today about the need to ensure transparency through the Freedom of Information
Act.

I.

Use of FOIA by Investigative Journalists

Information obtained through FOIA is critical to our democracy because it helps citizens
learn what their government is up to. Since FOIA went into effect in 1967, investigative
journalists have made effective use of the law to expose government wrongdoing, corruption,
and waste. For example, FOIA requests by Mark Feldstein, The Washington Post, and the
Associated Press revealed that the Nixon Administration had been spying on influential
journalist Jack Anderson.2 Through documents it obtained under FOIA, the Associated Press
published an article in 2005 detailing how a significant portion of the $5 billion designated for a
post-September 11 recovery program to help small businesses was used to give low-interest
loans to companies that did not need terrorism relief, including a dog boutique in Utah and an
Oregon winery.3 The National Security Archive at The George Washington University has

1

Primary Sources. Available at https://news.vice.com/topic/primary-sources
“The Good, The Bad, The Ugly of Using FOIA.” Available at http://ajr.org/2014/10/08/foiarequest-challenges/
3
"Many who got Sept. 11 loans didn't need them; some loan recipients had no idea their funds
came from terror-relief program," Richmond Times Dispatch (Virginia), September 9, 2005, at
A-1.
2

1

 compiled a list of more than 100 significant news articles that were made possible because of
FOIA.4
Over the last five years, I have made extensive use of FOIA in my work as an investigative
journalist. Notable stories that I have written as a result of documents obtained under FOIA
include:5




II.

“A Justice Department Memo Provides the CIA's Legal Justification to Kill a US
Citizen”
“Gitmo Spent $300,000 on Liquid Supplements While Denying a 'Mass Hunger Strike'”
“The White House Emails at the Center of Washington's Brewing Net Neutrality Storm”

Current FOIA-Related Problems Experienced by Investigative Journalists

In 1996, when Congress passed the E-FOIA Amendments, Representative Steven Horn,
who was a member of this committee, stated: “Most importantly, the bill would tackle the
mother of all complaints lodged against the Freedom of Information Act: that is, the often
ludicrous amount of time it takes some agencies to respond, if they respond at all, to freedom of
information requests.”6 At least among investigative journalists, delay unfortunately remains the
“mother of all complaints.”
As you know, FOIA requires an agency to make a determination on releasing records
within 20 business days. An extension of 10 business days is available in “unusual
circumstances.” I have submitted thousands of FOIA requests to dozens of different agencies,
and in my experience, fewer than one percent of my requests have been decided within the
timeframe required by FOIA. My colleagues have had similar experiences.
I routinely experience delays of several years. The agencies that have consistently been
slowest to respond to my FOIA requests have been the FBI, the Department of Justice, and
United States Southern Command. In the past two years, I have also begun to experience
extremely lengthy delays in receiving responses from the NSA.
Delayed responses to FOIA requests are a significant problem for investigative journalists
for several reasons.
First, information may become less valuable over time. Information about a candidate is
less newsworthy after the election is over, and information about a war is less newsworthy after
the conflict is over. Often, information delayed is information denied.

4

“FOIA in the News 2004-2006.” Available at http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/nsa/foia/stories.htm
A copy of each of these stories is attached as Exhibit A.
6
142 CONG. REC. 10,451 (Sept. 17, 1996) (statement of Rep. Steven Horn, Chairman,
Subcomm. On Gov't Management, Info. and Tech. of the House Comm. On Gov't Reform and
Oversight).
5

2

 Second, delays in agency responses to FOIA requests have led to a perception among most
investigative journalists that FOIA is not a useful tool. As a result, many of my colleagues do not
submit FOIA requests at all.
FOIA does provide for expedited processing in certain circumstances, but I have found that
agencies take a narrow view of what circumstances merit expedition. For example, the Defense
Intelligence Agency denied my request for expedited processing for documents related to the
harm to national security caused by Edward Snowden.
Even when expedited processing is granted, the process still moves slowly. For example, I
submitted a FOIA request to the Department of Justice on September 5, 2014 for records relating
to the Department’s investigation of allegations that the CIA had accessed SSCI computers
without authorization. Expedited processing was granted, but the agency has decided that it will
not release any records until January 29, 2016.
My request to the Executive Office of the United States Attorneys for records about Loretta
Lynch illustrates the problems that investigative journalists face in using FOIA. I submitted my
request the day that Loretta Lynch’s nomination was announced by President Obama. I sought
expedited processing because the records I was requesting relate to Lynch’s performance of her
duties as United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York. When the agency did not
rule on my request for expedited processing within the time period allowed by FOIA, I
immediately filed suit. The agency conceded that the topic of my request is a “matter of
widespread and exceptional interest,” but insisted that it should not have to even begin releasing
records for several months. My attorney filed several emergency motions requesting that the
Department of Justice process my request and produce records before Lynch’s confirmation
hearing, but the judge presiding over the case indicated that he would not have time to rule on
the motions for more than a month. After Lynch was confirmed, my request for expedited
treatment became moot. To date, the agency has still not processed the documents I requested.
My experience requesting records about Loretta Lynch illustrates one of the major
problems for investigative journalists using FOIA. Even when a journalist acts with the utmost
diligence in filing a FOIA request and pursuing his or her rights in court, agency feet-dragging
can frustrate a journalist’s attempt to obtain records at the time when they are needed most.
It is often the case that the filing of a lawsuit against an agency catalyzes the release of
documents. I am fortunate to have a prominent FOIA attorney, Jeffrey L. Light, representing me
and VICE News in over a dozen lawsuits against various agencies. However, not all investigative
journalists are in a position to expend the substantial resources necessary to bring FOIA lawsuits,
and even large media outlets may find the cost of litigation to outweigh the benefits.
Investigative journalists should be spending their time and resources investigating, not
litigating. Unfortunately, some agencies refuse to conduct adequate searches and fail to properly
apply FOIA’s exemption provisions until a lawsuit has been filed.
One specific and recurring problem I have experienced is with the FBI’s invocation of
Exemption 7(A). Under Exemption 7(A), an agency may withhold “records or information”
3

 compiled for law enforcement purposes which “could reasonably be expected to interfere with
enforcement proceedings.” This exemption comes up frequently in my work because I am often
requesting records or information about recent events.
Congress deliberately chose the words “records or information” when it amended
Exemption 7 in 1974. Prior to that time, investigatory files compiled for law enforcement
purposes were exempt. The problem was that agencies could simply place documents that they
wanted to withhold from disclosure inside an investigatory file, and then treat the document as
exempted simply because of its location. The 1974 amendment was designed to fix this problem
by eliminating the blanket exemption for government records simply because they were found in
investigatory files compiled for law enforcement purposes.
Notwithstanding Congress’s clear intention and the plain language of FOIA after the 1974
amendment, the FBI continues to withhold information where the record requested “is located in
an investigative file which is exempt from disclosure pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552(b)(7)(A)”
(emphasis added). I have received dozens of denial letters from the FBI based on this erroneous
interpretation of FOIA, and the Department of Justice’s Office of Information Policy has
affirmed the FBI’s decision in every administrative appeal I have filed. The FBI has not
defended its position in court, but instead conducts a new review applying the proper standard
once litigation has commenced. As a result, the issue becomes moot.
In a recent decision, a federal court held that “because the Court has doubts about whether
the FBI conducted the required review at the administrative stage in this case, it will remind the
Bureau of its obligation to perform such reviews in the future. See Crooker, 789 F.2d at 66
(holding that Congress eliminated ‘blanket exemptions for Government records simply because
they were found in investigatory files compiled for law enforcement purposes’ (quoting Robbins
Tire, 437 U.S. at 236, 229–30)).” That decision was issued March 18, 2015 in the case Tipograph
v. Department of Justice, No. 1:13-cv-239-CRC. Despite being reminded of its obligations, the
FBI has continued to deny my requests because the records requested are “located in an
investigative file which is exempt from disclosure pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 552(b)(7)(A)”. The FBI’s
continued practice of asserting Exemption 7(A) directly violates Congress’s command and the
federal court’s “reminder.”

III.

Conclusion

FOIA is a valuable tool for ensuring transparency in government. It has been used
effectively by investigative journalists since it went into effect. Unfortunately, lengthy delays
and agency feet-dragging can turn off investigative journalists to FOIA. While litigation helps, it
can be costly and is not consistently effective at securing the release of records in a timely
fashion.
Thank you for your attention to this important matter.

4

 Jason Leopold
Jason Leopold is an investigative reporter for VICE News where he covers national
security, counterterrorism, civil liberties and other issues. His aggressive use of the
Freedom of Information Act includes suing the FBI and Department of Defense and
forcing those agencies to changes its policies. Leopold’s Freedom of Information Act
work has been cited by the 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals, profiled by the Society of
Professional Journalists, the American Journalism Review and was the subject of a
feature story by Medium. In 2014, Leopold was singled out in a report as the
journalist who filed more Freedom of Information Act lawsuits against the US
government that year than all other news organizations combined. For VICE News
in 2014, Leopold succeeded in forcing the National Security Agency for the first time
to release all of the financial disclosure forms of its top officials, which the agency
had argued was exempt from disclosure, and prying loose the highly-classified
Department of Justice legal memo granting the CIA the authority to kill a US citizen
abroad.

 Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
Witness Disclosure Requirement ?Truth in Testimony?
Required by House Rule XI, Clause 

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2. Please list any entity you are testifying on behalfofand briefly describe your relationship with these entities.

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3. Please list any federal grants or contracts (including subgrants or subcontracts) received since October 1, ZUIE, by the entity(ies)
you listed above. Include the source and amount ofcach grant or contract.

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