UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

JASON LEOPOLD,
Plaintiff,
v.

Civil Action No. 14-48 (JEB)

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY,
Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION
The Central Intelligence Agency’s former detention and interrogation program has
generated no small amount of controversy over the last decade. In this Freedom of Information
Act suit, Plaintiff Jason Leopold seeks access to what he refers to as an “internal study” that the
agency drafted about the program. The CIA has refused to release the series of documents that
comprise the so-called study, contending that they are fully exempt from disclosure under FOIA
Exemption 5 and that portions of them may also be withheld under Exemptions 1 and 3. The
government and Leopold have now cross-moved for summary judgment. Because the Court
finds that the CIA’s invocation of Exemption 5 is sound, it will grant the agency’s Motion and
deny Plaintiff’s.
I.

Background
In March 2009, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence announced plans to review

the CIA’s former detention and interrogation program. See Def. Mot., Exh. 1 (Declaration of
Martha M. Lutz, Chief of the Litigation Support Unit, CIA), ¶ 11. As part of this effort, the
Committee negotiated with the CIA for certain of its staff members to have “unprecedented
direct access to millions of pages of unredacted CIA documents.” Id. In light of this agreement,
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 and in anticipation of the numerous policy decisions that senior officials would need to make in
connection with the Committee’s investigation, then-Director of the CIA Leon Panetta
“expressed a desire to remain informed about what was contained in the millions of pages of
documents that would be made available to the Committee.” Id., ¶ 13. In particular, “Panetta
and other senior CIA leaders wished to be informed of noteworthy information” that could help
“inform other policy decisions related to the Committee’s study.” Id.
A Special Review Team was thus formed to review the documents being turned over and
to “prepar[e] summaries of certain key information.” Id., ¶ 14. The SRT’s composition changed
over time, but it generally included ten employees and contractors. The team leaders would
assign team members research topics, some of which related to particular detainees and some of
which related to “overarching programmatic subject-matters.” Id., ¶ 15. Team members would
then conduct searches for documents “related to their assigned topic” and review them to
“determine[] whether certain contents of those documents might be relevant to informing senior
CIA leaders in connection with the SSCI’s study.” Id. If a team member found information that
she “believed was significant” about her topic, she would describe the information in her
Review. Id. “The intent, over time, was for each Draft Review to become a rough guide to
noteworthy information on a particular topic,” which would help guide senior CIA leaders’
“policy decisions.” Id.
The project was abandoned, however, after only a year. The agency determined that its
“continued work on the Reviews could potentially complicate a separate criminal investigation
by the Department of Justice into the detention and interrogation program.” Id., ¶ 18. As a
result, the Reviews were never finished. Id., ¶ 19. Indeed, when the project was cast aside, they
“covered less than half of the millions of pages of documents that the CIA ultimately made

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 available to the SSCI.” Id. The Reviews themselves were also left in varying states. Some, for
instance, consisted of “only rough notes regarding some relevant documents.” Id. “Other[s] . . .
were in a more polished form[,]” having “undergone preliminary editing and formatting in
preparation for their review by the Chief of the Director’s Review Group.” Id. According to the
agency, had the project not been forsaken, the Reviews “would likely have been reviewed and
edited by a number of senior CIA officials – including the Deputy General Counsel for Litigation
and Investigations, the General Counsel, the Director’s Chief of Staff, the Executive Director,
and the Deputy Director – before being presented to the Director as finished products.” Id.
Several years after the CIA terminated the project, Senator Mark Udall publicly
referenced an “internal study” that the agency had allegedly drafted about its former detention
and interrogation program. Catching wind of this, Plaintiff submitted a FOIA request to the
agency on December 26, 2013, seeking “any records constituting, discussing, or mentioning the
[CIA’s] internal study of its detention and interrogation program.” Lutz Decl., Exh. A (FOIA
Request) at 1. The request asked for documents related to “the same internal study that the
Senate Intelligence Committee asked to be provided to it” and attached a New York Times
editorial discussing Udall’s reference to the study. Id. Leopold additionally requested expedited
processing. See id. at 2.
The government, however, failed to respond to the expedited-processing request by
January 13, 2014, which Plaintiff alleges was the response deadline. See Compl., ¶¶ 15-18.
Wasting no time, Leopold filed suit the following day. The day after that, the agency issued a
letter informing him that it could not process his request because he had not reasonably described
the records he sought. See Lutz Decl., Exh. B (Letter from Michele Meeks, Information and
Privacy Coordinator, to Leopold, Jan. 15, 2014). The parties thereafter engaged in discussions to

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 narrow his request. Plaintiff ultimately agreed to limit it to “the supposed ‘internal study’ and to
exclude any documents that ‘merely mention or discuss’ such a study.” Lutz Decl., ¶ 7; id., Exh.
C (E-mail from Vesper Mei, Senior Counsel, Federal Programs Branch, to Jeffrey Light,
Plaintiff’s Counsel (Feb. 21, 2014)); id., Exh. C (E-mail from Jeffrey Light to Vesper Mei (Feb.
25, 2014)). The CIA has, accordingly, “interpret[ed] Mr. Leopold’s request to be seeking the
most current version of the supposed internal study.” Lutz Decl., ¶ 7.
The agency asserts, and Leopold does not dispute, that this “internal study” – often
referred to in the media as the “Panetta Review” – “is actually [the] series of more than forty
draft documents” that the SRT created. Id., ¶ 8. The agency has refused to release any of the
documents or any portions of them, relying on FOIA Exemptions 1, 3, and 5. It now moves for
summary judgment on the ground that it has properly withheld the Reviews, and Leopold crossmoves, arguing the contrary.
II.

Legal Standard
Summary judgment may be granted if “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute

as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986); Holcomb v.
Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 895 (D.C. Cir. 2006). A fact is “material” if it is capable of affecting the
substantive outcome of the litigation. See Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248; Holcomb, 433 F.3d at
895. A dispute is “genuine” if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict
for the nonmoving party. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007); Liberty Lobby, 477
U.S. at 248; Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 895. “A party asserting that a fact cannot be or is genuinely
disputed must support the assertion” by “citing to particular parts of materials in the record” or
“showing that the materials cited do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute,

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 or that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
56(c)(1). The moving party bears the burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of
material fact. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986).
FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.
See Brayton v. Office of U.S. Trade Rep., 641 F.3d 521, 527 (D.C. Cir. 2011). In a FOIA case,
the Court may grant summary judgment based solely on information provided in an agency’s
affidavits or declarations when they “describe the justifications for nondisclosure with
reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information withheld logically falls within the
claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by
evidence of agency bad faith.” Larson v. Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 857, 862 (D.C. Cir. 2009)
(citation omitted).
III.

Analysis
Congress enacted FOIA in order “to pierce the veil of administrative secrecy and to open

agency action to the light of public scrutiny.” Dep’t of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361
(1976) (citation omitted). “The basic purpose of FOIA is to ensure an informed citizenry, vital to
the functioning of a democratic society, needed to check against corruption and to hold the
governors accountable to the governed.” John Doe Agency v. John Doe Corp., 493 U.S. 146,
152 (1989) (citation omitted). The statute provides that “each agency, upon any request for
records which (i) reasonably describes such records and (ii) is made in accordance with
published rules . . . shall make the records promptly available to any person,” 5 U.S.C.
§ 552(a)(3)(A), unless the records fall within one of nine narrowly construed exemptions. See 5
U.S.C. § 552(b); Rose, 425 U.S. at 361. Consistent with this statutory mandate, federal courts
have jurisdiction to order the production of records that an agency improperly withholds. See 5

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 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3); Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749,
755 (1989).
“Unlike the review of other agency action that must be upheld if supported by substantial
evidence and not arbitrary or capricious, the FOIA expressly places the burden ‘on the agency to
sustain its action’ and directs the district courts to ‘determine the matter de novo.’” Reporters
Comm., 489 U.S. at 755 (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B)). “At all times courts must bear in
mind that FOIA mandates a ‘strong presumption in favor of disclosure’ . . . .” Nat’l Ass’n of
Home Builders v. Norton, 309 F.3d 26, 32 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (quoting Dep’t of State v. Ray, 502
U.S. 164, 173 (1991)).
In the present case, the CIA asserts that the Reviews are properly withheld in their
entirety under Exemption 5’s deliberative-process privilege. While it further contends that
portions of the Reviews are also protected by Exemption 1 (which covers materials classified by
Executive Order) and Exemption 3 (which covers materials specifically exempted from
disclosure by statute), the Court need not address these two because Exemption 5 acts as a
complete shield.
A. FOIA Exemption 5
Exemption 5 provides that an agency need not disclose “inter-agency or intra-agency
memorandums or letters which would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in
litigation with the agency.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5). It thus protects documents that would
ordinarily be unavailable to an opposing party through discovery. See United States v. Weber
Aircraft Corp., 465 U.S. 792, 800 (1984); Martin v. Office of Special Counsel, 819 F.2d 1181,
1184-85 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (Exemption 5 “unequivocally” incorporates “all civil discovery rules”).
Documents that fall within the attorney-client privilege, the attorney work-product doctrine, and

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 the deliberative-process privilege are therefore exempt from disclosure. See NLRB v. Sears,
Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 132, 148-49 (1975); Coastal States Gas Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of Energy,
617 F.2d 854, 862 (D.C. Cir. 1980). Defendant invokes only the last here.
The deliberative-process privilege is intended “to enhance the quality of agency decisions
by protecting open and frank discussion among those who make them within the Government.”
Dep’t of Interior v. Klamath Water Users Protective Ass’n, 532 U.S. 1, 8 (2001) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). The privilege “rests on the obvious realization that
officials will not communicate candidly among themselves if each remark is a potential item of
discovery and front page news.” Id. at 8-9; see also Dow Jones & Co., Inc. v. Dep’t of Justice,
917 F.2d 571, 573-74 (D.C. Cir. 1990). To fall under the protection of the deliberative-process
privilege, withheld material must be both “predecisional” and “deliberative.” Mapother v. Dep’t
of Justice, 3 F.3d 1533, 1537 (D.C. Cir. 1993). Material is “predecisional” if it was “generated
before the adoption of an agency policy.” Coastal States, 617 F.2d at 866. It is “deliberative” if
it “reflects the give-and-take of the consultative process.” Id. In the present case, Plaintiff takes
issue with the agency’s characterization of the documents on both counts. The Court will thus
address these two requirements in turn.
B. Predecisional
The primary purpose of the “predecisional” requirement is to differentiate between
documents “prepared . . . to assist an agency decisionmaker in arriving at his decision” and those
drafted “to support a decision already made.” Petroleum Info. Corp. v. Dep’t of Interior, 976
F.2d 1429, 1434 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). While
documents that fall into the latter category must be disclosed, the CIA asserts here that the
Reviews fall into the former because they “were generated to help the Director of the CIA and

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 other senior Agency leaders make policy decisions related to the SSCI’s ongoing study.” Lutz
Decl., ¶ 22. More specifically, had the agency completed the Reviews, “senior leaders could
have used [them] to prepare an accurate and timely response to the Committee’s eventual report;
to anticipate developments that might arise in connection with the Committee’s study; to inform
interactions with the Committee; and to prepare for interagency discussions within the Executive
Branch regarding the study.” Id.
Leopold challenges the sufficiency of this explanation, arguing first and foremost that the
CIA is required to “point to a single agency action to which the reviews would contribute,” but
has failed to do so. See Pl.’s Opp. & Cross-Mot. at 2. In essence, he believes that the agency’s
reference to the various potential uses to which the Reviews might have been put is too general,
and that the government must be able to point to a specific decision – e.g., “whether to use
particular methods of interrogation in the future” – to which the documents could have
contributed. See Pl.’s Reply at 3. He relies on Paisley v. CIA, 712 F.2d 686 (D.C. Cir. 1983),
and Senate of Puerto Rico ex rel. Judiciary Committee v. Department of Justice, 823 F.2d 574
(D.C. Cir. 1987), to support his position. In both cases, the D.C. Circuit stated that the
government must be able to “pinpoint an agency decision or policy to which the[] documents
contributed.” Paisley, 712 F.2d at 698; accord Senate of Puerto Rico, 823 F.2d at 585.
As the CIA points out, however, the D.C. Circuit later clarified in Access Reports v.
Department of Justice, 926 F.2d 1192 (D.C. Cir. 1991), that “in context the language [from those
cases] cannot be taken to require that the document contribute to a single, discrete decision.” Id.
at 1196. It explained that in those earlier cases, it had been “concerned that there might be ‘no
definable decisionmaking process’ to which the documents contributed” as a result of the cursory
information that had been provided. Id. (quoting Paisley, 712 F.2d at 698). It then made clear

8

 that the exemption is “aimed at protecting [an agency’s] decisional process,” and that it is
unnecessary to identify a specific decision to which withheld materials contributed. Id. The
court concluded, accordingly, that the Justice Department’s assertion that a memo was prepared
to aid its “study of how to shepherd [a] bill through Congress” sufficiently defined the
decisionmaking process to which the document contributed, and that the agency had sustained its
burden of showing that the memo was predecisional. Id.
The decisionmaking process identified here is no more vague than the one described in
Access Reports. According to the CIA, the Reviews were created to aid senior agency officials’
deliberations about how to respond to the SSCI’s investigation into its former program, as well
as how to deal with other policy issues that might arise therefrom. Contrary to Plaintiff’s
assertions, a finding that the documents are predecisional would not stretch the meaning of the
term too far or risk rendering every document exempt because it might someday be used by
agency officials to make “various policy decisions.” See Pl.’s Reply at 2. Here, there was a
congressional inquiry underway about a specific CIA program. That program had already
generated considerable international controversy, and senior CIA officials knew that they would
have to respond to the Committee’s eventual report. They also knew that they might be called
upon to make other decisions stemming from the Committee’s study, such as how to prepare for
meetings with other agencies on the subject. The agency was thus engaged in an ongoing, multiyear, deliberative process about how to handle these issues, and the Reviews preceded the
agency’s final decisions in that process.
In his Reply, Leopold also seems to take issue with the agency’s characterization of the
documents as predecisional since they addressed the CIA’s former detention and interrogation
program. He notes that “[t]he documents were prepared ‘between mid-2009 and mid-2010,’

9

 after President Obama ended the program” and that they “therefore where [sic] not designed to
assist the CIA in making decisions or formulating policy on whether or how to interrogate
detainees as part of the detention and interrogation program.” Pl.’s Reply at 1.
But documents are not postdecisional simply because they address past events. Indeed,
the D.C. Circuit rejected a similar argument in Access Reports. The plaintiff there contended
that a memo about the potential impacts of certain proposed amendments to FOIA could not be
considered predecisional because it was drafted after the Department submitted its legislative
proposals to Congress. See Access Reports, 926 F.2d at 1194. The court explained, however,
that the Department had not prepared the memo to explain its past decisions, but instead “as
ammunition for the expected fray.” Id. at 1196. It analogized the memo to “a staffer’s
preparation of ‘talking points’ for an agency chief about how to handle a potentially explosive
press conference.” Id. Such talking points, while they may relate to past decisions or events, are
predecisional because they are drafted to aid future policy-oriented decisions – e.g., how to
respond to press inquiries. See, e.g., Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 736 F.
Supp. 2d 202, 208 (D.D.C. 2010) (e-mails that post-dated grant of immunity to individual were
nonetheless predecisional because they were “generated as part of a continuous process of
agency decision making, viz., how to respond to on-going inquiries” from press and Congress);
Am. Immigration Council v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 21 F. Supp. 3d 60, 76 (D.D.C. 2014)
(holding privilege applies to “agency deliberations about how to respond to NGO inquiries
regarding prior agency actions”) (emphasis omitted); see also Nat’l Sec. Archive v. CIA, 752
F.3d 460, 463 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (explaining that agency’s official history of event is final agency
decision and that draft histories are therefore predecisional).

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 The Reviews here were not intended to memorialize past decisions. Rather, they were
designed to aid decisions that CIA officials would need to make, going forward, in connection
with the Committee’s study. And given the media spotlight pointed at the CIA’s program and
the SSCI report, there could be little doubt of an “expected fray” or “explosive press
conference[s].”
Finally, it is worth noting, as further evidence of their predecisional nature, that the
Reviews were written by lower-level employees for use by senior CIA officials. See Coastal
States, 617 F.2d at 868 (“[A] document from a subordinate to a superior official is more likely to
be predecisional, while a document moving in the opposite direction is more likely to contain
instructions to staff explaining the reasons for a decision already made.”). The authors had no
authority to speak for the agency about its former detention and interrogation program or its
position on the Committee’s investigation. See Lutz Decl., ¶ 23. The CIA, moreover, has not
adopted the Reviews as providing the agency’s position on its past tactics or on such methods
moving forward. See id.; see also, e.g., Coastal States, 617 F.2d at 866 (noting predecisional
document may lose such status “if it is adopted, formally or informally, as the agency position on
an issue or is used by the agency in its dealings with the public”). There is, therefore, no concern
that their withholding will permit the development of “a body of ‘secret law.’” Coastal States,
617 F.2d at 867. In fact, the agency’s official statements about the Committee’s findings are
now public. See, e.g., Statement from Director Brennan on the SSCI Study on the Former
Detention and Interrogation Program, Dec. 9, 2014, available at https://www.cia.gov/newsinformation/pres-releases-statements-2014-press-releases-statements/statement-from-directorbrennan-on-ssci-study-on-detention-interrogation-program.html.
In sum, the agency has sustained its burden to show that the Reviews were predecisional.

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 C. Deliberative
The parties next spar over whether the documents satisfy the deliberative criterion.
Plaintiff stresses that the deliberative-process privilege does not protect purely factual material.
In his view, the Reviews cannot be withheld because they merely “track” and describe the
information contained in the documents provided to the Committee. The CIA counters that
although “the Reviews discuss factual material,” “the selection and organization of facts in the
Draft Reviews was part of the deliberative process.” Def.’s Mot. at 12. Their disclosure would,
consequently, reveal the SRT members’ policy-oriented judgments and cause the sorts of harms
that the privilege was meant to avoid. The Government has the better argument here.
While it is true that “[p]urely factual material usually cannot be withheld under
Exemption 5,” it can be where “it reflects an ‘exercise of discretion and judgment calls’” and
where its exposure would enable the public to probe an agency’s deliberative processes. Ancient
Coin Collectors Guild v. Dep’t of State, 641 F.3d 504, 513 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting Mapother,
3 F.3d at 1539). This is because “the privilege serves to protect the deliberative process itself,
not merely documents containing deliberative material.” Id. at 1537. “[T]he legitimacy of
withholding” thus “does not turn on whether the material is purely factual in nature or whether it
is already in the public domain, but rather on whether the selection or organization of facts is part
of an agency’s deliberative process.” Id. (citing Montrose Chemical Corp. of Cal. v. Train, 491
F.2d 63, 71 (D.C. Cir. 1974)). And, as Plaintiff acknowledges, “Where an agency claims that
disclosing factual material will reveal its deliberative processes, ‘[the court] must examine the
information requested in light of the policies and goals that underlie the deliberative process
privilege.’” Mapother, 3 F.3d at 1537-38 (quoting Wolfe v. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs.,
839 F.2d 768, 774 (D.C. Cir. 1988)).

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 In accordance with these principles, this Circuit has previously permitted agencies to
withhold factual material that agency staff has compiled through the exercise of discretion about
what information would be relevant to an agency official’s decisionmaking. The CIA contends
that is precisely what happened here. It points to Montrose Chemical, for instance, in which the
court upheld the government’s invocation of the privilege to withhold “two summaries of
evidence” from an extensive administrative hearing record. See 491 F.2d at 64. Although the
parties “agreed that the summaries in question [we]re in large part compilations of facts,” their
disclosure would have enabled the plaintiff to “prob[e] the decisionmaking process itself.” Id.
The staff assistants, after all, had compiled the summaries through the exercise of “judgment as
to what record evidence would be important to the Administrator in making his decision . . . .”
Id. Disclosure of the summaries would thus reveal “the evaluation and analysis of the
multitudinous facts made by the Administrator’s aides and in turn studied by him in making his
decision.” Id.
Likewise, in Mapother, the court sustained the agency’s exemption claim for the “great
bulk” of a report about a world leader even though much of the report could be portrayed as
factual. See 3 F.3d at 1533. The court explained that, like the staff working on the summaries in
Montrose Chemical, the agency staff had “to cull the relevant documents, extract pertinent facts,
organize them to suit a specific purpose, and . . . identify the significant issues they encountered
along the way.” Id. at 1538. It further noted that “the selection of the facts thought to be
relevant clearly involve[d] ‘the formulation or exercise of . . . policy-oriented judgment’ or ‘the
process by which policy is formulated,’ in the sense that it require[d] ‘exercises of discretion and
judgment calls.’” Id. at 1538-39 (quoting Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1435, 1438). It
distinguished such efforts from those that are “‘essentially technical’ in nature,” id. (quoting

13

 Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1437-38), and concluded that, because “the majority of the . .
. factual material was assembled through an exercise of judgment in extracting pertinent material
from a vast number of documents for the benefit of an official called upon to take discretionary
action,” the agency was justified in withholding it. Id. at 1539. Other factual materials have
been similarly protected where they involved policy-oriented judgments about which facts were
pertinent to an agency official’s deliberations. See, e.g., Ancient Coin, 641 F.3d at 513.
Of course, as Plaintiff notes, many factual materials will not be protected.
Straightforward, mechanical recitations of fact, for instance, will generally fall outside of the
privilege. Illustrative of this point is a portion of the report in Mapother that the Court ordered
the agency to disclose. Specifically, the “Chronology” section was not exempt because, while
“written in narrative form,” it was “in substance an inventory, presented in chronological order,”
of the subject’s “ranks, postings, promotions, decorations, wounds, leaves from active duty,
educational attainments, and the like.” Mapother, 3 F.3d 1533, 1539. It “reflect[ed] no point of
view,” “ha[d] been organized strictly chronologically, not thematically,” and “[t]he selection of
the categories of facts to be recorded in no way betray[ed] the occasion that gave rise to its
compilation.” Id. at 1540; see also, e.g., Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1437-38 (creating
database from existing land-use records was not deliberative as the “essentially technical, recordkeeping nature of the . . . task circumscribe[d] the . . . exercise of discretion and judgment calls,”
and “[t]he technical, objective tenor of the . . . . materials also reduce[d] the likelihood that
disclosure would result in public criticism of individual [agency] employees”).
Plaintiff further points out that even factual summaries that do require some judgment
about which facts to include and which to omit will often be subject to disclosure where they
would not reveal anything about an agency’s deliberative processes. In Playboy Enterprises, Inc.

14

 v. Dep’t of Justice, 677 F.2d 931 (D.C. Cir. 1982), for instance, the court held that the
Department of Justice could not withhold a report on the activities of a former FBI informant.
While the government had asserted that the entire report “reflect[ed] the choice, weighing and
analysis of facts” from over 800 volumes of materials, the court noted that “[a]nyone making a
report must of necessity select the facts to be mentioned in it” and that “a report does not become
a part of the deliberative process merely because it contains only those facts which the person
making the report thinks material.” Id. at 935. Indeed, “[i]f this were not so, every factual report
would be protected as a part of the deliberative process.” Id. The court then distinguished the
report from the summaries in Montrose Chemical on the ground that the latter had been
“prepared for the . . . purpose of assisting the Administrator to make a complex decision,” while
the report in Playboy Enterprises “was prepared only to inform the Attorney General of facts
which he in turn would make available to members of Congress.” Id. Its disclosure, therefore,
would not have exposed the agency’s deliberations to public light.
Leopold’s attempts to liken this to Playboy Enterprises and prior cases disclosing factual
materials, however, are unpersuasive. “[U]nlike Playboy Enterprises, the factual material here
was not assembled for an agency actor merely to pass along to outsiders, but rather for purely
internal deliberative purposes.” Elec. Privacy Info. Ctr. v. Transp. Sec. Admin., 928 F. Supp. 2d
156, 167-68 (D.D.C. 2013). More specifically, the Reviews were “intended to facilitate or assist
development of the agency’s final position on the relevant issue[s].” Nat’l Sec. Archive, 752
F.3d at 463. Senior officials were aware that they would likely be called upon to make a variety
of policy decisions in connection with SSCI’s study. Lacking the ability to personally review the
millions of pages turned over to the Committee, they relied on their staff to review the

15

 documents and prepare summaries of the information that the staff thought important to making
those decisions.
In further contrast to the report in Playboy Enterprises and other materials that have fallen
outside the privilege, the Reviews were not comprehensive, matter-of-fact summaries about the
selected topics, nor were they rote recitations of facts. Rather, the authors strove to write
briefing materials that would aid senior officials’ decisionmaking. To do so, they had to “ma[k]e
judgments about the salience of particular facts in light of the larger policy issues that senior CIA
leaders might face in connection with the SSCI’s study.” Lutz Decl., ¶ 25. They also had to
“organize that information in a way that would be most useful to senior CIA officials.” Id., ¶ 16.
The Reviews, consequently, reflected a point of view – namely, what agency personnel thought
important enough to bring to senior officials’ attention in light of their understanding of the
policy issues that the CIA might face as a result of the investigation. The deliberative nature of
the documents, furthermore, is underscored by the fact that even disclosing the topics that agency
officials selected for Reviews would expose their internal thought processes – e.g., about the
information that they believed necessary to formulate the agency’s response to the Committee’s
report and to make other related decisions. The Reviews are thus far more akin to the factual
summaries found exempt in Montrose Chemical and Mapother.
Plaintiff’s remaining arguments are also unavailing. He maintains, for instance, that
because “no senior CIA official reviewed or relied on the reviews, disclosure of the summaries
would not reveal what advice senior CIA officials received and how much of it they accepted.”
Pl.’s Opp. & Cross-Mot. at 5. That, however, does not change the fact that the Reviews
themselves were deliberative. They were written as part of the agency’s consultative process and
entailed policy-oriented judgments. Just because the project was cast aside does not mean that

16

 the documents lose their protection. This Circuit has repeatedly emphasized that agency
personnel must know from the get-go that their work will not turn into front-page news
regardless of whether a project is ultimately scrapped; were it otherwise, they might temper
everything they write for fear that it will not be protected. See Nat’l Sec. Archive, 752 F.3d at
463; see also, e.g., Access Reports, 926 F.2d at 1196 (“Any requirement of a specific decision
after the creation of the document would defeat the purpose of the exemption. At the time of
writing the author could not know whether the decisionmaking process would lead to a clear
decision, establishing the privilege, or fizzle, defeating it. Hedging his bets, he would be drawn
into precisely the caution, or the Aesopian language, that the exemption seeks to render
unnecessary.”) (citation omitted). Protecting deliberative documents, even if abandoned in their
infancy, thus ensures that agency personnel will feel comfortable being candid in their
communications about policy decisions.
Leopold also contends that because the Reviews did not end up “incorporat[ing] any
feedback from CIA’s leadership,” disclosing them would not divulge any internal “give-andtake” about their contents. Pl.’s Opp. & Cross-Mot. at 5. But the agency’s intended editing
process was not what makes the Reviews deliberative. Instead, it is their planned role in the
agency’s decisionmaking process and the significant discretion that the authors exercised in
order to prepare useful briefing documents on their selected topics.
In the end, requiring disclosure of the Reviews would cause the sort of harm that the
deliberative-process privilege was designed to prevent – i.e., inhibiting frank and open
communications among agency personnel. See Dudman Comm’ns Corp., 815 F.2d at 1568
(“[T]he key question in Exemption 5 cases [is] whether the disclosure of materials would expose
an agency’s decisionmaking process in such a way as to discourage candid discussion within the

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 agency and thereby undermine the agency’s ability to perform its functions.”). Had the SRT
known that the Reviews could become public, its members would likely have been tempted to
highlight only the information that would paint the agency’s prior actions in a positive light and
to avoid calling attention to information that could have embarrassed the agency or its officials.
See, e.g., Coastal States, 617 F.2d at 866 (“‘Human experience teaches that those who expect
public dissemination of their remarks may well temper candor with a concern for appearances
and for their own interests to the detriment of the decisionmaking process.’”) (quoting United
States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 705 (1974)); Dudman Comm’ns, 815 F.2d at 1569 (if agency
believed draft histories would have to be disclosed, editors would likely “place pressure on
authors to write drafts that carefully toe the party line”). Protecting the agency’s withholdings in
this case is thus consistent with the purposes of this exemption.
The Court, in sum, concludes that the Reviews are properly withheld under Exemption
5’s deliberative-process privilege. It further agrees that they may be withheld in full. While
FOIA requires agencies to release “[a]ny reasonably segregable portion of a record,” 5 U.S.C. §
552(b), it is clear that there are no such portions here. As the agency attests, and as the preceding
discussion makes clear, “[t]he entire documents are pre-decisional, deliberative drafts . . . .”
Lutz Decl., ¶ 26. Because “the selection of which facts to include [wa]s part and parcel of the
deliberative assessment,” no portions can be severed without exposing the deliberative process
itself. Id.; see, e.g., Nat’l Sec. Archive, 752 F.3d 460, 465 (D.C. Cir. 2014).

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 IV.

Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant Defendant’s Motion for Summary

Judgment and deny Plaintiff’s. A contemporaneous Order will so state.
/s/ James E. Boasberg
JAMES E. BOASBERG
United States District Judge
Date: March 31, 2015

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