New York University
A private university in the public service
School of Law
40 Washington Square South
New York, NY 10012-1099
Telephone: (212) 992-8162
Facsimile: (212) 995-4341
E-mail: christopher.sprigman@nyu.edu
Christopher Jon Sprigman
Professor of Law

Mr. Steven Plinio
GreenbergTraurig, LLP
1840 Century Park East, Suite 1900
Los Angeles, CA 90067
RE:

Katy Perry’s Claim to Own a Copyright in Left Sharkt
February 11, 2015

Dear Mr. Plinio:
Thank you for your letter of February 10. It has helped me to better understand your claims.
It has not, however, convinced me of their merit.
First, you claim that the Left Shark costume is copyrightable because it is based on the
“multiple shark drawings” you say were produced by Katy Perry’s team. The drawings are
irrelevant. Sketches of Left Shark may be copyrightable, but that doesn’t make the Left
Shark costume copyrightable. A design sketch of a ladies’ dress is copyrightable. And yet as
anyone in the U.S. fashion industry will tell you, the dress on the rack is a useful article,
which, like a costume, cannot be copyrighted. The drawings of Left Shark would be relevant
only if my client had copied them in preparing his sculpture. But he didn’t copy the drawings
– not least because he’s never seen them. My client saw only the Left Shark costume. As I
explained in my previous letter, the Left Shark costume is an uncopyrightable useful article,
and my client is free to copy it.
Second, you suggest that “conceptually separable elements” of the Left Shark costume may
be copyrightable. Would you please tell me which elements of the Left Shark costume you
believe to be conceptually separable from the costume as a whole? The dorsal fin, perhaps?
The gills? The teeth?
When I look at the Left Shark costume, I don’t see “conceptually separable elements.” I see
a shark costume. I am obliged to admit that, unlike any shark I’ve seen, the Left Shark
costume has legs (and a quick Google search reveals that many other shark costumes have
legs). But that doesn’t make the Left Shark costume copyrightable. The Left Shark costume

 February 11, 2015
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has legs because the person inside of it has legs. The legs are not “conceptually separable”
from the Left Shark costume. They are integral to its function as a costume.
If you have another argument for why Left Shark is copyrightable, please do let me know.
Until then, I cannot advise my client to remove Left Shark from his website or from other
websites now featuring it. Nor can I advise him to pay Katy Perry for a license.
Third, you write that Katy Perry is the owner of any copyright that may exist in the Left
Shark costume “[p]ursuant to the terms of multiple agreements.” I read this as confirmation
that Katy Perry did not design the costume herself, but rather acquired any copyright interest
that may exist in the costume (which is, again, very likely none) by transfer of ownership
from the designer. The Copyright Act requires all transfers of copyright ownership to be in
writing. If you are determined to pursue this doubtful copyright claim, then please provide
copies of the agreements you’ve mentioned.
Finally, I should add a word about your unfair competition claim. It is meritless. There is
nothing unfair about copying works that are not copyrighted. Indeed, the Supreme Court
has recognized a “federal right to copy and to use” works that, like the Left Shark costume,
are in the public domain. Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 540 U.S. 806 (2003).
Likewise, I disagree with your suggestion that Katy Perry owns rights in Left Shark because
any commercial value my client’s sculptures may have “derives solely from the public’s
association of them with Ms. Perry.” That statement misunderstands the source of whatever
(probably scant) commercial value Left Shark may possess. No one knew that one of the
sharks dancing next to Katy Perry during the Super Bowl halftime show was Left Shark until
the Internet told us so. The Internet decided that Left Shark’s flubbed dance moves were
hilarious. It gave Left Shark his name, and then it made him into a meme. Left Shark isn’t
really about Katy Perry. Unless you’re telling me that she planned this whole thing in
advance.
In my previous letter, I stated that my client wants simply to get back to his business. Can
we do that now, please?
All best regards,

Chris Sprigman